Patient safety in hospitals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Patient safety in hospitals - Research Paper Example Abbas, A. E. A., PhDN is an Assistant Professor in the Nursing Administration and Education Department, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Bassiuni, N. A., PhDN, MSN, BScN is also an Assistant Professor in the Nursing Administration Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Baddar, F. M., PhDN, MSN, BScN is an Assistant Professor in the Nursing Administration and Education Department, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. The review of literature (ROL) conducted by the study shows that in the healthcare field there is growing realization that under the influence of several factors the culture in healthcare organizations is not conducive to patient safety. The factors involved are productivity, efficiency, and cost controls. Though a universal agreement on what constitutes a safety culture for health organizations is yet to emerge, there are clear indications of what these dimensions should be. The safety culture of an organization involves individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, and behavioural patterns of commitment towards safety management in the organization. Most of the efforts in providing an understanding safety culture have been focused on healthcare systems and patient engagement within these systems, with particular emphasis on such understanding in the Middle-East. There has been limited research into the handling of patient safety issues in terms of the perceptions of the fro nt-line healthcare providers, leaving a gap in the body of knowledge on the subject. The authors justify this study on the basis of attempting to reduce this gap in the body of knowledge. The difference in perceptions on patient safety of frontline healthcare providers in a clinical and the whether there was any association between these perceptions and the variables of job category, years of experience, and work setting were the research questions. The hypothesis was that there would be a difference in perception on patient safety between

Three important lessons (PLato's Apology) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Three important lessons (PLato's Apology) - Essay Example In truth, Socrates was imparting a lesson that was central to his work and to his beliefs. His apology was a lecture on the triumph of knowledge over ignorance and he was beseeching his listeners to discard old and traditional beliefs and embrace modern intellectual development. The background of the Apology is that Socrates is being charged with the corruption of the youth and disrespect towards the Gods. He begins by saying that â€Å"The task is not an easy one; I quite understand the nature of it. And so leaving the event with God, in obedience to the law I will now make my defence.† (Plato, quoted in Biffle, 34) He confronts his accuser Meletus and demonstrates exactly why and how the charges against him are false. However, despite his use of logic to defend himself, he is still found guilty and sentenced to die. It is clear throughout the text that Socrates wants to emphasize that he will counter his accuser’s lies and accusations with wisdom. This is the first lesson: the importance of wisdom. He also wishes to emphasize that it is his wisdom and knowledge that make him persecuted, but this wisdom and knowledge will be of much use to the city of Athens. Therefore, instead of using pathos, or arousing pity, he was appealing to the logic of the crowd. Instead of beseeching the people to spare his life, he reasoned with them – making logical and coherent arguments with the end in view of convincing them that they would be better off with him alive than with him dead. To quote: For if you kill me you will not easily find a successor to me, who, if I may use such a ludicrous figure of speech, am a sort of gadfly, given to the state by God; and the state is a great and noble steed who is tardy in his motions owing to his very size, and requires to be stirred into life. I am that gadfly which God has attached to the state, and all day long and in all places am always fastening upon you, arousing and persuading

Fractional Distillation Process To Separate Organic Liquids

Fractional Distillation Process To Separate Organic Liquids Distillation is a very useful method of purifiying liquids. Simple distillation is used when a pure solvent is required to be obtained from the solution. This is usually water. On the other hand, fractional distilation is basically used for the separation of a mixture of two miscible organic liquids having different boiling points. A common example of two liquids that mix with each other are ethanol and water. Another example is petrol and paraffin. In this experiment, a mixture of acetone and toluene was provided. Basically, the liquid mixture was boiled to evaporate the liquid that had the lowest boiling point, referred to as the first fraction. The vapour passed up through a fractionating column, which is not used in a simple distillation. As the mixture vaopur passed up the fractionating column, it continually condensed and evaporated. This caused it to become increasingly richer in the liquid with the lowest boiling point until the vapour that reached the top consisted almost entirely of the component with the lowest boiling point. The vapour is then cooled in the condenser and so it condensed back to a liquid, which was collected, hence referred to as the distillate. When almost all the liquid with the lowest boiling point was distilled over, the temperature rised rapidly showing that a mixture of both liquids was distilling over. This should be collected in a separate container and discarded. Once the temperature reached the boiling point of the second liquid, the liquid was then distilled into another container. This basically explained the process of fractional distillation. However, there is a theory behind all this, because the process of distillation should be related in reference to an ideal liquid mixture where one is more volatile than the other. Regarding the mixture of acetone/toluene provided in this experiment, ideal behaviour was assumed and once the process was carried out, the more volatile liquid was found by finding the boiling point of each component. It was noted that the more volatile liquid was acetone since this had a lower boiling point. This was discussed further in relation to boiling point-composition graphs. 2. Method 2.1 Chemicals used Reagent: Grade: Manufacturer: Acetone GPR BDH Toluene GPR Merck 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine GPR Riedel de Haem Sodium hydroxide GPR Tinstar Iodine GPR BDH Dioxane GPR Aldrich A mixture of acteone (BDH, GPR) and toluene (Merck, GPR). 2.2 Apparatus Fractionating column, thermometer, 100 mL round bottomed flask as the distillation pot, glass beads, anti-bumping granules, cotton wool, tight clip, Leibig condenser with rubber tubings, heating mantle, connecting side-arms as part of the fractional distillation setup, retort stand with clamp, water supply, 10 mL and 100 mL measuring cylinders, electronic balance, test-tubes, distilled water. 2.3 Procedure Part a) The separation of the acetone/toluene mixture and the measurement of the boiling points of each. The apparatus for fractional distillation was set-up appropriately using a 100 mL round-bottomed flask, the fractionating column provided, insulated well with cotton wool. 50 mL of the acetone/toluene mixture was placed in the 100 mL round-bottomed flask. This was measured using a measuring cylinder. A few boiling chips or anti-bumping granules, which were small irregularly pieces of material, were added to the round-bottomed flask in order to allow prolonged boiling. The apparatus was clamped accordingly from the neck of the round-bottomed flask and checked to be balanced and well set-up before the heating mantle was switched on. Then round-bottomed flask was heated slowly using a heating mantle, until the reading on the thermometer reached a steady state and drops were observed to condense out of the Leibig condenser. This was the boiling point of the first fraction. This steady state temperature was recorded and the distillate was collected in a 100 mL measuring cylinder. The distillation was allowed to proceed until no more liquid got out of the condenser into the measuring cylinder. Then the volume of the first fraction was recorded. When all of the first fraction was distilled out, the temperature at the top of the column was observed to increase and then reached a second steady state, which was the boiling point of the second fraction. Drops of the second fraction were observed to start to condense out of the Leibig condenser. This steady state temperature which was the boiling point of the second fraction, was recorded. The second distillate was collected in a clean measuring cylinder and then its volume was recorded. Part b) The usage of two different tests for the identification of the liquid distillate having a carbonyl group. (acetone) 2,4-DNPH test was first carried out. 2-3 drops of the liquid to be tested were added to 3 mL of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, and shaken. Any observations and inferences were recorded. The iodofrom test was then carried out. 4 micro drops of the liquid to be tested were dissolved in 2 mL distilled water, in a test-tube. The drops were added carefully using a pipette. 2 mL of 10 % sodium hydroxide were then added together with 2 mL of iodine solution, which were added slowly by drops. The substance was insoluble in water and therefore 2 mL dioxane were added. This was done so that the substance dissolved. Any observations and inferences were then recorded. Each test was carried out twice, for each distillate. Diagram: The set-up apparatus for Fractional Distillation. Precautions It was ensured that the thermometre was positioned accordingly at the mouth opening of the Leibig condenser, where it indicated which fraction was being evaporated by noting the temperature readings. The thermometer position was very important because if the thermometer bulb was to be placed too high, the vapours would reach it before they pass into the side-arm to be collected, and the observed boiling point would be lower than it should be. If the thermometer bulb was to be placed too low, vapours of impurities might reach it, and a high reading for the boiling point range would be given. It was ensured that the fractionating column was filled and packed with glass beads, for maximum possible surface area for vapour to condense on. It was ensured that a joint clip was used and attached between the end of the condenser and the side arm so that there was complete attachment of the setup together and any spillage of the liquid distillate was prevented, but allowed to drop only from the side arm tube, where the vent was present. It was ensured that the Leibig condenser provided was set-up accordingly with opening below meant for water to be pumped in while the opening at the top meant for water to be pumped out, and vice-versa. Although water pressure transfers from a higher to a lower height, if the condenser had to be the other way round the liquid might not be cooled completely as it would only condense the top portion of the condenser. Therefore if the rest of the part of the Leibig condenser was not cooled, the liquid would might evaporate into gas again at the bottom part of the condenser. This explained the importance of correct set-up. It was ensured that as much of the second fraction as possible was collected, however at the same time care was taken so as not to allow the distillation pot, i.e. the 100 mL round-bottomed flask, to boil dry otherwise the residues might ignite or expode. It was ensured that anti-bumping granules were used. These were placed in the 100 mL round-bottomed flask with the 50 mL of the acetone/toluene mixture. The granules were important since they allowed prolonged, smoother boiling without bumping and continuous even formation and release of vapour bubbles were observed. It was ensured that cotton wool was used so that the whole fractionating column was completely wrapped and covered for insulation or lagging. This was important so that the apparatus remained as warm as possible and excessive cooling was avoided, but occurred very slowly. It was ensured that parallax errors were avoided as much as possible by looking normally to the scale of the measuring cylinder were when taking readings of the volumes of liquids, or when taking temperature readings from the thermometre. For safety measures, it was ensured that care was taken when distilling organic solvents in order to avoid explosions and fires. Hence, it was ensured that the vapour did not come into contact with flames, sources of sparks or very hot surfaces such as hot plates. It was ensured that the apparatus was not completely sealed. A vent in the system was required so as to prevent pressure build up in the system as heating was carried out. Otherwise the apparatus would simply blow apart. Therefore, for safey measures, it was ensured that heating in a closed system was avoided. 3. Results Volume of acetone and toluene mixture used was: 50.0 mL Observations Inferences from the 2,4-DNPH test A red-orange precipitate was formed. This positive result means that a carbonyl group, was present in the formula of the substance. No precipitate was formed. The substance contained no carbonyl group, in its formula, hence a negative result was obtained. Observations Inferences from the Iodoform test A pale yellow precipitate was formed. This means that the substance contains a in its formula, hence it gave a positive iodoform with an antiseptic smell. No precipitate was formed. No group was present in the formula of the substance, hence a negative result was obtained. Suspected Identity of Fraction 4. Discussion: At any given temperature a pure liquid in a close container will establish an equilibrium with its vapour: liquidvapour The equilibrium vapour pressure above the liquid will depend upon the temperature. Considering mixing two liquids in different proportions, Raoults Law states that for an ideal mixture at a fixed temperature, the vapour pressure of each component is proportional to its mole fraction. This means that the graph of the vapour pressure of each component against its mole fraction will be a straight line passing through the origin. Considering the case of two volatile liquids, as in this experiment, each of which contributes to the total vapour pressure, by Daltons Law of partial pressures it is known that the total vapour pressure of the mixture is the sum of that of the components and this will also give a straight line when plotted against molar composition. Therefore it could be said that it is more convenient to plot boiling point of the mixture against molar composition. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature as which its vapour pressure reaches the external atmospheric pressure. Since the less volatile component will have the highest boiling point, being toluene in this case, the vapour pressure curves in figure 1 lead to boiling point-composition graph as shown in figure 2. Two curves were drawn in this diagram since the liquid mixture and the vapour in equilibrium with it do not have the same composition. The vapour will always contain a higher proportion of the more volatile (lower boiling point) component. This difference in composition between the liquid and vapour phases in equilibrium enables such a liiquid mixture to be separated by disitllation. To separate a liquid mixture which obeys Raoults Law, one must repeatedly distill, i.e. boil the liquid and condense the vapour. This is fractional distillation, and rather than carrying out each stage separately, it is convenient to use a fractionating column designed to allow many such steps to occur simultaneously. Fractional distillation is widely used in industrial chemistry for separating mixtures of miscible liquids which boil at different temperatures. For example pure oxygen, nitrogen and noble gases may be obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation. Another example is the hydrocarbons in crude oil which can be separated into useful fractions. In order to discuss the results obtained, one should say that these were clearly explained in the table of results tabulated. It was observed that the boiling points measured were very reliable since these were checked using the organic compounds database website, maintanied by Colby College and the components of the mixture provided i.e acetone and toluene were listed. One should say that there were many readings, as can be observed from the table of results, where the temperature remained constant as more drops of distillate were collected.This confirmed the boiling point of the organic liquid. Some modifications could be made for the procedure of the fractional distillation process. For instance, rather than using a fractionating column packed with glass beads to give the maximum possible surface area for vapour to condense on, a fractionating column with spikes of glass sticking out from the sides could be used, and this would serve the same purpose. Sources of error Once the temperature on the thermometre was observed to rise rapidly, this meant that a mixture of both organic liquids were distilling over. Hence, these few drops should have been collected in a separate container and discarded since they did not consist of an individual liquid. However, this was not done. Hence the volume of the first fraction (acetone) collected was slightly greater than it was supposed to be and was not of the pure organic liquid but had some drops of the second fraction (toluene) in it. this is the container was replaced once the temperature was raised. The thermometer was repeatedly being moved up and down when the temperature readings were taken. This is because some of the scale was hidden by the set-up itself. This movement of the thermometre might affected the results slightly because the boiling temperature range obtained might varied a bit due to this action. 5. Conclusion: It was concluded that fractional distillation was carried out and therefore separation of two organic liquids acetone/toluene mixture occurred. It was also concluded that the boiling point of each component was found and tests on each liquid component, once distillated and separated, were carried out in order to prove the identity of the component.

Mens Control in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Essay

Men's Control in William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice In Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, the scene opens to reveal a society controlled by men. Men, who live in the foreground of Venetian society, wield their power in business, government, and family life. In the background, women conduct their lives quietly. They are subservient to their husbands and fathers and are regarded as helpless and in need of male guidance in areas of decision making. Though in Shakespeare’s time such a societal structure was largely acceptable, the modern reader views the subjugation of women with aversion, and the ways in which Shakespeare presents the female characters in this play perhaps show that he too was not entirely comfortable with the unbalanced scale of power between men and women. Portia, Nerissa, and Jessica, the three female characters in The Merchant of Venice, are bound by the strictures which society has imposed upon them. All three, however, seeking to gain the freedom to act as they please, disguise themselves as men. Once they are seen as men, the women are able to escape the societal constraints which previously limited their actions. The fact that they must disguise themselves as men in order to achieve empowerment and freedom of action encourages the reader to question the justice of the social hierarchy. Because the setting in The Merchant of Venice is characterized by a hierarchy of gender roles in which males hold authority over females, a character like Portia’s father, one who reigns in authority over his daughter, is made possible. Additionally, the presiding social structure allows for his action of subjecting Portia to the mechanism which will determine her husband. Fortunately for Porti... ...e disguised as men are completely incongruous with the societal structure which dominates their world. It seems no coincidence that Shakespeare had all three female characters in the play disguise themselves as men. Nor does it seem a coincidence that while disguised, each woman rebels against the social structure which prohibits her to do certain things and make certain decisions simply because she is a woman. Under male disguises, the women are able to act with the same freedoms men possess. Thus, it is plausible to suppose that Shakespeare meant to make a statement about the social hierarchy prevalent in the world in which he lived, encouraging a reevaluation of its fairness. Whatever Shakespeare meant to say about the issue, for today’s audiences, The Merchant of Venice certainly encourages questioning the justice of its male-dominated social hierarchy.

Architectural Development of Tokyo Midtown, Roponggi

The Tokyo Midtown was built between 2004-2007, which is a 101,000 square meter mixed-use development located in Roponggi, Tokyo, Japan. This undertaking design was begun on August 2002 and the building of the undertaking was begun on May 2004 and completed on March 2007. There is a 400-year-old Hinokicho Park within the site was refurbished. The U.S. Army was stayed in this site as a barrack during World War II, the Nipponese Defense Agency occupied this site after the ground forces left. Consequently, Nipponese Government sold the site in 2001 and Mitsui Fudosan won it. There was an archeological geographic expedition conducted during 2002 and 2003. During the exploring period, over 50 thousand pieces of clayware and two pieces of gold coins from Edo-period ( 1596-1698 ) were found out. The mixed-use development includes office, residential, retail, hotel, museum and leisure infinite. The entire floor country of the development is 563, 800 square metres. There are over 50 % of the u ndertaking is designed to be unfastened infinite. Tokyo Midtown is located at two chief street roads in roponggi territory, there is a big lawn included in the site. Besides the category A office, residential units, High-end retail and hotel, and the museum, there is 50 per centum of site country are Parkss, place, promenades and streetscapes. In Tokyo, green infinite is merely a private garden or frightened infinite. The definition of green infinite is different from other metropoliss. The green infinite used to be appreciated instead than using. Citizens are non encouraged to utilize the green infinite and public events are non promoted to go on in such country. The primary developer, Mitsui Fudosan would wish to alter this old head of green country and convey the new tendency of Green Park. Thus, Tokyo Midtown was designed to be the new urban oasis in Roponggi territory. Imperial Palace is non merely the largest public unfastened infinite in Tokyo, but besides a good instance to demo the typology of traditional Nipponese landscape. The parkland of Imperial Palace is surrounded by the wall, which isolates the castle from the city’s context. The cultural and historical valuable of the castle was abandoned, that the landscape of castle is cut off by the wall as an island, and there is no associated development next to the castle. This sort of traditional landscape promotes privateness and peaceful instead than connexion between urban context. The developer would wish to present a new landscape typology to the metropolis. His attack is to make a alone sequence of unfastened infinite which is new tendency of connective landscape. The project’s developer promotes a new Nipponese landscape design by making a alone urban motion in the composite. The Tokyo Midtown a welcoming and attractive infinite which can excite the societal and cultural interaction, therefore the life of the topographic point will be activated. This undertaking is an architectural look in landscape which can supply an unfastened and green infinite for events. The historical green infinite Hinokicho Park is portion of landscape and was refurbished. There are chiefly three primary motions for the landscape in Tokyo Midtown. First, the bing park is extended to the newer green countries. Second, there are a series of H2O characteristics begin at the place. Third, the H2O features flow down toward the verdure. There were 40 mature cherry trees preserved from the old site and transplanted on new site. Those trees are used to make a new cherry promenade by linking the entry to Hinokicho Park. There are over 1000s of visitants attracted to here for assemblage and observing the cule of seasons, during the flower season of cherry. In recent old ages, dais type development becomes the chief new typology of large-scale development, particularly in Hong Kong. The advantage of this typology is to supply a convenient and efficient connexion from the upper degree to the mass theodolite by the overcrossing web. However, this typology has been produced less vivacious street life. The functional relationship between edifice and urban street grid has been lost. The public infinite has been separated from the bing vicinity, therefore the development has been isolated from urban street. Tokyo Midtown is a successful large-scale development with dais and tower that diminish the drawback of dais design. It undertakes a more sustainable attack to the new large-scale development. The development of Tokyo Midtown has achieved the sustainable design attack by several standards as below: First of wholly, the development of Tokyo Midtown took the chance to incorporate this new development into the bing countries by making great topographic points which can better the original territory and convey a long-run value. This place-making attack is achieved by advancing the public infinites with landscape. The sense of infinite is created by adding the attractive street furniture and public art in the landscape, such as the exuberant mature tree canopy in the entryway. This canopy can stress the bing site characteristic and heighten the site’s cultural and historical value. The landscape design improves the flexibleness of infinite, so that public and private events will be promoted in order to ease the societal interaction and verve in this topographic point. For illustration, the cherry promenade provides the linkage to the Hinokicho Park and besides a topographic point for assemblage and observing the beauty of the trees during the bloom season. Thousands of visita nts attract by it and travel at that place with a cover, field day, and drinks. The high quality design of Tokyo Midtown activates the bing infinite and brings economic incomes, and reflects the character of the environing country. This mix-used development incorporated hotel, office, residential, retail, eating houses, museum and Parkss. It provides a little community for people to populate, work and bask their leisure clip. Besides, the Tokyo Midtown introduces the prosaic connectivity in both physical and psychological manner. Visitors can see a rich and vivacious walker through sing the tree-lined street and pleasant paseo. The liner of trees refurbishes the bing metro halt and redirects the land rider to the new issue at Tokyo Midtown. The place-making attack is besides strengthened by supplying high-quality public kingdom. It lets broad scope of activities happen in this country. The alone individuality landmarks, the 54 floors Mori Tower has been incoporated in the whole deve lopment which is the tallest edifice in Tokyo. It increases the attraction of the finish. Second, Tokyo Midtown has good integrated with the substructure and the environing conveyance web. It provides a high criterion connexion to the theodolite and improves the connexion between site and environing country at the land degree. Tokyo Midtown is non a undertaking merely concern the spacial quality within the site boundary, but besides to supply the mix-used development with a wider site context and great impact on environing country. Citizens criticize that walled developments issue would be raised as the undertaking with substructure is easy being isolated from the urban due to the hapless integrating of environing. This undertaking includes 5 edifices, a high-end retail, luxury section, category A office infinite, luxury section, medical centre. These 5 edifices surround a skyscraper with 248m tallness. The whole development is good integrated to the next park and the Roppongi railroad station. Roppongi railroad station is a celebrated station along the Toei Oedo Line. To kyo Midtown provides a successful entree to the issue of railroad station through the spacial agreement of the unfastened infinite. There is good public conveyance connexion provided. The Roppongi railroad station is good connected to the public conveyance interchanges within the Tokyo Midtown. The site is rather near the Roppongi Hills development which is less than 0.8 kilometre. The Roppongi Hill is surrounded by the vehicle-dominated route substructure and connects to dais of Tokyo Midtown. The bulk of the borders are connected to the street degree, it breaks down the traditional dais linguistic communication. This undertaking has good integrating between land usage and the conveyance in both physical and societal facets. Sustainable scheme Large-scale development normally bring negative impact on environing country or the wider context, as developer normally merely concentrate on planing the country within the site, the next country may non be their concern. Tokyo Midtown is a large-scale development which has been good integrated with the environing country. The design of this undertaking is base on the sustainable development rules and the urban design guidelines, so that it will maintain integration and sustainable in a long-run period. The resource efficiency and environmental friendly attack is besides adopted in development. The floor country of the whole development is concentrated in one quarter-circle of the site, so that the urban park country can be maximized. There is more than 40 per centum of the site country is designed as an urban park which act as a chief connexion between the site and the community greenway. Tokyo Midtown promotes sustainability at the vicinity and territory degrees, the spacial quali ty of the prosaic environment at the street degree is enhanced. As a consequence, the walkability and the livability within the site country and besides the territory are bit by bit improved. The location and proportion of plan of the whole development is concerned to better the sustainability in environmental, societal and economic facet. There are over 150 stores and eating houses offered in the high-end retail country, 500 luxury residential units, several office towers, a Ritz-Carlton hotel, 800-seat preservation centre and an art museum provided in development, which can profit the territory in societal and economic manner. The big green unfastened infinite which occupies 40 per centum of site country can profit the territory in environmental manner. The unfastened infinite is designed to steer visitant walk from environing streets and pavement to the site. A sense of â€Å"on the ground† is promoted by touching the Earth and nature. There are some position corridors, cr ystalline stuff, Bridgess and plazas visually unfastened and connect to the unfastened infinite in order to take the visitant from the park to the nature. The design of H2O characteristic is to take the visitants to the park and steer them down though weaving tract to the 21_21 Design Museum and the traditional Nipponese Garden. New territory ‘s image Before the completion of Tokyo Midtown, Roppongi was a well-known territory as a dark town. Roponggi was a topographic point which is full of amusement hub and with abandoned traditional vicinity. The developer Mitsui Fudosan would wish to alter the public perceptual experience of Roppongi territory from a dark town to an update image which is a vitalized daylight territory. Tokyo Midtown is a development to supply a balance mix of concern and populating topographic point to the territory, in which the cultural comfortss will be extremely respected. Furthermore, Tokyo Midtown is a hope as concern and economic system resurgence of Japan, it designed to stand for the best feature of Nipponese society by the mixed-use development. The Nipponese authorities treats it as a precedence urban renovation area† . This mixed-use development has integrated with a public park, which promotes an environmental friendly and commercial active attractive force in this territory, therefore it pro fit to the full vicinity and heighten the economic value of Roppongi. To fit with this big green park, the celebrated Suntory Museum of Art was resettlement. Consequently, the green park, museum, Tokyo National Art Center and Roppongi Hill will be good connected. The community park is merged with the bing greenway and connects to those abandoned nearby green infinite such as the gorunds of Tokyo authorities graveyard and a Shinto spiritual shrine.

Police Administration Essay

In the general concern of police administration, strategic program evaluation is indeed important for the effectiveness of their service and function in the society. Through the thorough evaluation and analysis of their administration and programs, the police organization can understand their processes and strategies in which they can notice their challenges, pitfalls, and problems thus ensuring measures to further develop their performance and service. Another is that through evaluation, the police administration can likewise determine their strengths and advantages, which they can incorporate in their organizational development and further performance plan. Indeed, with the knowledge determined in the administration and program evaluation, the police organization can find effective solutions and strategies for the realization of further development in their function as public servants. However, for the effectiveness of the program evaluation, certain measures must be implemented to achieve the desired results and information accuracy. In this aspect, most evaluations of the police organization programs are conducted by outsiders from the said institutions who mainly represent the public sector which are the primary target of the said program. There are three reasons for this arrangement namely as inclined with humanitarian concern, neutrality view, and the awareness campaign for the fundamental characteristics of the program. Indeed, the dialogue of program evaluation by outsiders counteracting the police institutions is arranged mainly for the intention of achieving effective influence and positive results from the program for the benefit of its target namely the public sector. The arrangement placing outsiders as the evaluators of the programs and strategies of the police organizations is established based on three reasons inclined towards the effectiveness of the police function concern. The first involves humanitarian concern wherein the outside evaluation will be conducted on the perspective of its target sector and the realization of its effects on the public. In the process of outside evaluation, the examiners can thoroughly consider whether the said police program, strategy, or action will be either advantageous or detrimental to their concern. With them conducting the evaluation as the party representing the public interest, they can significantly determined if there are any abusive characteristics or grounds in the program which would be contradictory to the function and responsibility of the police department. Another reason for the said evaluation arrangement is the neutrality pursuit wherein both parties namely the police force and the public sector desire a transparent and unbiased view on the examination. Having an outside party conduct the program evaluation will result to a process free from the political nature and pressure existing inside the police organization. With this arrangement, any bias qualities inside the program can be reduced or even eliminated as both contrasting parties have reviewed and commented on the nature of the said program. The third reason for the said arrangement in police program evaluation lies in the awareness campaign and interest of the police organization. In this concern, the police group must acknowledge the presence and relevance of the public sector representation in terms of information dissemination and awareness. Manifested in the outside party evaluation, a party representing the public must be allowed to investigate and acquire knowledge regarding the program of the police organization. Having been informed of the program’s nature and characteristics, the said party can aid the public in understanding the purpose and relevance of that program thus, gaining the trust, support, and participation of the public sector. Indeed, doing the arrangement of outside party evaluation can effectively aid the interest of the program of manifesting the function of the police organization and benefit the need of the public sector. In the pursuit of achieving effectiveness in the action and performance of the police organization, programs embodying the function of the organization are created as part of their action. In the concern of achieving the beneficial interest from the police performance, the arrangement establishing outside parties to evaluate and examine the performance program of the police organization is created. This approach is developed mainly based on the reasons of humanitarian concern, transparency in the organization’s activities, and the interest of the public for awareness in the presence and activities of the police organization. In general, the development of the said arrangement as part of the procedural activity of the police organization is for the effectiveness of their function and duty of protecting the welfare of the public and promoting peace in the society.